children of divorced families

Factors affecting adjustment to divorce:

several factors influence how well a family adapts to divorce:

• the amount of conflict among family members
• the availability of both parents to their children
• the nature of relationship changes in the family
• the responsibilities family members take
• the defensibility of the divorce from child's point of view

Common emotional reactions to divorce:

• how children react to divorce depends a great deal of their age, their personality characteristics.
• individual reaction will vary considerably from child to child because each has a different family circumstances, different personality strenghts and weakness and different ways of coping with sress.
• perceptions of loss of the intact family not only vary from child to child but are viewed differently by the same child as he or she grows and develops.
• how a child reacts at a given moment may be far from different from how he or she adjusts over course of many months or years.
• children express certain common reactions is useful in helping children through the immediate crisis of divorce and easing their long term adjustment to it.

Children will feel:

1. grief for the loss of family
2. fear of rejection, abandonment and powerless
3. anger
4. resentment and intense loneliness
5. guilt and self-blame
6. anxiety and betrayal

Children must confront during the last days of their parents marriage, through the separation and divorce, and in the post-divorce years with help them to understanding the divorce and its consequences, disengaging from crisis and resuming normal activities, coping with loss, dealing with anger, resolving guilt and self-blame, and acceptance of the permanence of divorce.

exam

:: wish me do the best ::

on advanced social work theories with individual and families paper

Poverty : Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Hello reader... :) 

Based on my practical experience...

My fieldwork is around poverty issues. 

Poverty issues in urban area and rural area have many differences view.

Poverty in urban area look more struggle rather than poverty issues in rural area.

Poverty in urban area more hardcore poor..most of them facing homeless problem.

Their are survive with high cost living in city, more stressful and challenging life, and facing many social problem.Whereas poverty issues in rural area focusing to specific target groups which they working village works. Poverty issues in this area look more lack of facility, their well-being will be affected because unable access to goods and services. from our home visit, i can see that an average of them have their own house and land. However, their house is not in a good conditions.

From this issue, we can see that Maslow's hierarchy of needs have related to this issue. that theory often linked directly to poverty : limits individuals’ abilities to meet other needs, such as holding a stable job or paying for housing. Basically if people can't access the lowest level of the pyramid, they will not be able to think about anything beyond their basic needs.

Psychoanalytic theory

Psychoanalytic theory is related to the dynamics of personality development that underlie and guide the psychoanalytic and psychodynamic.

Instinct or unconscious motives and psychosexual level in the development of human being.

Freud thought that human behaviour, including violent behaviour, was the product of “unconscious” forces operating within a person’s mind. Freud also felt that early childhood experiences had a profound impact on adolescent and adult behaviour. Freud, for example, believed that conflicts that occur at various psychosexual stages of development might impact an individual’s ability to operate normally as an adult.

Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: id, ego and superego.

The id is present in the newborn infant and consists of impulses, emotions, and desires. It demands instant gratification of all its wishes and needs. Since this is impractical, the ego develops to act as a practical interface or mediator between reality and the desires of the id. The final structure to develop is the superego, which is the sense of duty and responsibility – in many ways the conscience. 

The ego and the superego develop as the individual progresses through the five psychosexual

stages – oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

THE FIVE PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

Oral stage (approximately birth to 1 year)

The infant's greatest satisfaction is derived from stimulation of the lips, tongue, and mouth. Sucking is the chief source of pleasure for the young infant.

Anal stage (approximately 1 to 3 years)

During this stage toilet or potty training takes place and the child gains the greatest psychosexual pleasure from exercising control over the anus and by retaining and eliminating feces.

Phallic stage (approximately 3 to 6 years)

This is the time when children obtain their greatest pleasure from stimulating the genitals. At this time boys experiences the Oedipus complex. This expression derives from the Greek myth in which Oedipus became infatuated with his mother. In the Freudian account the young boy develops sexual feelings toward his mother but realizes that his father is a major competitor for her (sexual) affections! He then fears castration at the hands of his father (the castration complex) and, in order to resolve this complex, he adopts the ideas of his father and the superego (the conscience) develops. 

Latency and genital stages (approximately 6 years to adolescence)

From around 6 years the torments of infancy and early childhood subside and the child's 

sexual awakening goes into a resting period (latency, from around 6 years to puberty and adolescence). Then, at adolescence, sexual feelings become more apparent and urgent and the genital stage appears. In the latter “true” sexual feelings emerge and the adolescent strives to cope with awakening desires.

This theory can be related to 

• gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender issues
• juvenile delinquency issues

child abuse: ecological theory

CHILD ABUSE:  a boy who was chained up in a closet and tortured by his own family at age 6 years old.

child abuse can have a strong impact on, and lead to problems in, a child's emotional, psychosocial and behavioral development. all types of child abuse can have  serious psychosocial and emotional consequences for children. whether in a short-term emotional impacts of neglect, such as fear, isolation, and an inability to trust, can lead to lifelong emotional and psychological problems, such as low self-esteem.

abuse child, even when older, may display a variety of emotional, psychosocial and behavioral problems which may very depending on the age of the child. some of these include:

• displaying an inability to control emotions or impulses, usually characterized by frequent outbursts
• being quiet and submissive
• having difficulty learning in school and getting along with classmates
• experiencing unusual eating or sleeping behavior
• displaying poor coping skills
• exhibiting panic or dissociative disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or post traumatic stress disorder
• suffering from depression, anxiety or low esteem

the factor of child abuse:

• marital problems
• single parenthood
• unemployment and financial stress
• have problems communicating in positive or appropriate ways
• have less empathy and openness
• chronic environment stress
• substance abuse and mental health

intervention that can provided to client:

• emotional support
• decision-making or problem -solving assistance
• support that related to self esteem
• therapeutic aid

The ecological theory

 Urie Bronfenbrenner (1994) stated that the impact that environment plays on the growth and development of an individual. This theory can help to investigating the correlational and causal relationship among multiple markers associated with child abuse potential. Individual problems are often caused by the social environment. from Clayton Moss story, we can see that  microsystem was break down, marital problem from his parent consequently effect to his childhood life.

Dyslexia : cognitive theory

Happy sunday..

Let watching taare zameen par movie..enjoy it and hopefully you get some for that movie.

huhu..i watched this movie almost in 4 times..something different messages in that movie we can get it..

come to think of it

This movie is about Dyslexia kid.

makes you peep into a child's mind and how some parents, in their pursuit to make them 'stronger' academically, forget that there's hitherto untapped talent that needs to be nourished and encouraged.

summary of this movie:

Ishaan Awasthi is an eight-year-old whose world is filled with wonders that no one else seems to appreciate; colours, fish, dogs and kites are just not important in the world of adults, who are much more interested in things like homework, marks and neatness. And Ishaan just cannot seem to get anything right in class.

When he gets into far more trouble than his parents can handle, he is packed off to a boarding school to 'be disciplined'. Things are no different at his new school and Ishaan has to contend with the added trauma of separation from his family.

One day a new arts teacher bursts onto the scene, Ram Shankar Nikumbh, who infects the students with joy and optimism. He breaks all the rules of 'how things are done' by asking them to think, dream and imagine, and all the children respond with enthusiasm, all except Ishaan.

Nikumbh soon realises that Ishaan is very unhappy and he sets out to discover why. With time, patience and care, he ultimately helps Ishaan find himself.

Dyslexia is a language based processing disorder that can hinder reading, writing, spelling and speaking. it can create barriers to enjoying social interactions and can have a negative impact on self-esteem. 

Trouble in learning the alphabet and number

related to cognitive theory

The theory of cognitive development focuses on mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, believing, and reasoning. According Jean Piaget (1973) children will construct an understanding of the world around them and will then experience discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in the environment. Based on that story, ishaan seen try to construct an understanding through what happen in his surrounding. Ishaan show interest to fing out what activity that other people do.

In this sitution, ishaan is at third stage which are stage of concrete operational. According to this stage, children struggle to apply concepts to anything which cannot physically be manipulated or seen. Nevertheless, the child continues to improve their conservation skills, and by the age of 11 they can conserve numbers, weight and volume (acquired in that order). The child can also understand simple maths, such as addition/subtraction. 

Piaget suggests children will struggle to apply any prior knowledge to abstract situations.

However, ishaan struck at this stage because have development disabilities with showing symptoms of dyslexia. His difficult to distinguish some alphabet and number and have language problem. This situation make his feel fear, depression and unhappy in class activity. 

Based on this story, as a teacher, parent, outsider person should accept openly the cognitive development of dyslexia children. their have different thinking and capability.  

Super Typhoon Haiyan: Crisis Theory

The strongest typhoon this year slammed into the central Philippines on friday 8 Nov, setting off landslides and knocking out power and communication lines in several provinces. Huge, fast-paced Typhoon Haiyan raced across a string of islands from east to west — Samar, Leyte, Cebu and Panay— and lashed beach communities with over 200 kilometer (125 mile) per hour winds. Haiyan had sustained winds of 235 kph (147 mph) with gusts of 275 kph (170 mph) when it made landfall. That makes it the strongest typhoon this year.The Philippines, which is hit by about 20 typhoons and storms a year. By 5 p.m. Friday, the typhoon — one of the strongest storms ever — was centered to the west of Aklan province on Panay Island, 320 kilometers (200 miles) south of Manila, after blasting the island resort of Boracay.

The Philippines endures a seemingly never-ending pattern of deadly  typhoons, earthquakes, volcano eruptions and other natural disasters.

This is because it is located along a typhoon belt and the so-called Ring  of Fire, a vast Pacific Ocean region where many of Earth’s earthquakes and  volcanic eruptions occur.

source: New Straits Times

The natural disaster bring a various of impacts:

• leaving a wide swath of destruction and thousands of people dead.
• destroying countless homes.
• break down power and communication lines. 
• flights were also cancelled.
• forcing millions of people to flee to safer ground or evacuated  and take refuge in storm shelters. 

“I have no house, I have no clothes. I don’t know how I will restart my life, I am so confused,” an unidentified woman said, crying. “I don’t know what happened to us. We are appealing for help. Whoever has a good heart, I appeal to you.

"I am alone here, but worried over my family's condition, I cannot contact them since there is no transportation and communication. I just hope they are all safe,"

“People are walking like zombies looking for food,”

"Some people are losing their minds from  hunger or from losing their families,”

“People are becoming violent. They are looting business establishments, the  malls, just to find food, rice and milk... I am afraid that in one week, people will be killing from hunger.”

There are some crisis happen in that disaster:

We can see that the crisis cause threatening to them. there is an apparent inability to modify or reduce the impact of stressful events. There is increased fear and traumatic among victims because disaster happen suddenly and unexpectedly by them. There is a high level of subjective discomfort. A state of disequilibrium to their life when their homes destroyed in short time. they can't accept that situation and unable to coping with that situation.

As a social worker, we can defining the problem a through biopsychosocial of Filipino typhoon survivors. What the current problem that should be priortize in that times. Determine whether their need food, shelter, water, medical attention, self-support or any form of aid such as help for search victim's family. At that situation, social worker should evaluated quickly, accurately, and comprehensive based on victim's affective (emotional), cognitive (thinking), and behavioral (action). Social worker also can encourage them to explore their feeling and emotions. So that, the victims be able to stay calm and appear to be "back to normal". Apart of that, social worker shall be help them to identify coping skills, resource, and support that available to them after that tragedy.

Social worker and communication.

The primarily mission of the social work profession is to enhance human well-being and help meet basic human need of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed and living in poverty. A history and defining feature of the social work is the profession's focus on individual well-being in a social context and the well-being of society. Fundamental to social work is attention to the environmental forces that create, contribute to and address problem in living.

Social workers promote social justice and social change with and on behalf of clients. clients is used inclusively to refer to individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social worker are sensitive to cultural and ethic diversity and strive to end discrimination, oppression, poverty, and other forms of social injustice. These activities may be in the form of direct practice, community organizing, supervision, consultation, administration, advocacy, social and political action, policy development and implementation, education, and research and evaluation. Social worker seek to enhance the capacity of people to address their own needs. Social workers also seeks to promote the responsiveness of organizations, communities and other social institutions to individual's needs and social problems.

However, the communication skill is important to social worker to delivery their service to client. Social worker should be knowledgeable about the range of effective communication strategies and skills necessary to establish a collaborative relationship with the participant. Besides that, social worker able to understand the communication of client's systems. There are some type of communication :

Types of communication 

• Verbal communication
  includes oral and written communication. While oral communication refers to spoken words, written communication involves emails and snail mails. Oral communication may include face to face conversations or communication over the phone or voice chat. Oral communication is greatly influenced by the pitch, modulation, speed and clarity of speaking that also reflects the mood and attitude of the communicator.
• Non verbal communication
  includes body posture, facial expression, body language, and sign language. different gestures like a smile, a nod, a hug also play important roles in non verbal communication. It also includes other forms of communication including sign language, sketches, paintings, and photographs.
• Formal communication
  guided by a set of rules. all types of business, corporate and workplace communication are formal communication. The communication is official and no personal feelings or emotions should be reflected in this type of communication. Communication  between two strangers should also be formal. In a nutshell, formal communication is always official, precise and maintains an austere and reserved tone.
• Informal communication
  just the opposite of formal communication. It involves a friendly tone and is usually unrestrained.
• Assertive communication
  the most healthy and positive way of communication, this is the natural way of expressing inner thoughts. Self  esteem plays a big role in assertive communication that gives the communicator the confidence to communicate naturally without manipulating anything. However, assertive communication is not used much in real life communication.
• Passive communication
  this type of communication is largely based on compliance so as to avoid any sort a confrontation with the other person. A passive communicator talks less, questions even less, and does very little.
• Aggressive communication
  a great deal of manipulative techniques to make people do whatever you want. Different tactics used in aggressive communication include guilt, intimidation and anger.

Techniques and skills for therapeutic communication

• It is crucial to ramp up the comfort level between you and your client before you get on. lending the person an attentive ear and empathizing with him/her can actually help your client ease up. it's essential to exhibit genuine interest and concern for you client to help them unbolt. Non-verbal gestures such as a healing touch, an understanding nod and something as simple as a sympathizing eye contact, can be extremely motivating.
• Reflection is the key to many issues and it is indeed one of the best therapeutic techniques in terms of background history. Social worker can channelize communication by making your client ponder or reflect on his own, thoughts, ideas or actions, but in a subtle manner. in this technique, a client is usually made a reflect about the whole incidence or conversation again, but from another standpoint.
• Conversation may be the ice-breaker in most cases but in case of therapeutic treatments, it is the passageway for the social worker to delve into the depth of the matter. A social worker should be able to categorize the discrepancies and incongruities of the client and also make a keen note of all behavioral patterns and habits. then,social worker should emphatically convince the clients to change their ways.